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Closed games ​

Among closed openings are relatively symmetrical lines beginning with 1. d4 d5 (the Queen's Pawn opening).

  1. 1.
  2. 2.
  3. Queen's Gambit
  4. 2.
  5. Queen's Gambit Accepted
  6. Slav Defense

The fight for e4 ​

The move 1...d5 stops the e2-e4 advance, but there are other ways to do this too.

  1. 1.
  2. Dutch Defense
  3. 2.
  4. Grünfeld Defense
  5. 3.
  6. Queen's Indian Defense
  7. 3.
  8. Nimzo-Indian Defense

The ...e7-e5 advance ​

Another idea is to use e7-e5 to hold back White's e pawn and put pressure on the white d4 pawn.

  1. 1.
  2. 2.
  3. 3.
  4. Old Indian Defense
  5. 4.
  6. 5.
  7. 6.
  8. King's Indian Defense

Other closed games ​

Also classed as closed are openings in which White is in no hurry to play e2-e4 or d2-d4.

  1. 1.
  2. In the Réti Opening, White does not prevent Black from building a pawn center, but instead undermines it later
  3. English Opening